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Considering that this instructional manual is recommended for medical universities, it is explained from the point o f view o f the analysis of pathophysiological processes in cells in diseases o f the human body, any pathological process takes place depending on cel! damage to one degree or another. No matter how many and different the pathogenic factor is. the cells respond to them through the same type o f reactions. These different responses are based on typical mechanisms o f alteration. Cells, in turn, use their internal abilities to protect against injury', i.e. restore, adapt, and thus limit the impact o f the damaging factor and eliminate its complications. Knowledge o f these mechanisms plays an important role in identifying pathological processes, predicting their course and consequences, and developing principles o f pathogenetic treatment and prevention